GENELEVDEN KORKMA FUHSUN GIZLISINDEN KORK
Vahdettin ENGIN
Istanbul'da halk arasinda zevk ve sefahat âlemlerinin yayginlasmasi Sultan Abdülmecit dönemine, yani 1839 ile 1861 yillari arasina rastlar.
Misir Valisi'nin aile fertleriyle birlikte pek çok Misirli beyler, pasalar ve hanimlar bu yillarda Istanbul'a geldiler ve büyük paralarla Bogaziçi'nde yalilar satin alip alafranga esyalarla süslediler. Lüks içinde yasayan ve israf derecesinde paralar harcayan Misirlilar, önceki dönemlerde mütevazi bir hayat sürdüren varlikli Osmanli ailelerini ve saray halkini da özendirince sefahat ortami genisledi, israf çogaldi ve harcamalar artti.
FRANSIZ'A ÖZENDIK
Ayni dönemde, 1853 ile 1856 yillari arasindaki Kirim Savasi sebebiyle çok sayida Fransiz ve Ingiliz askeri de aileleriyle birlikte Istanbul'a gelmislerdi. Fransizlar'in ve Ingilizler'in eglence anlayislari da Istanbul halkini etkiledi. Osmanli, Kirim Savasi sonrasinda ilk defa yabanci ülkelerden borç para almis, ülkede geçici de olsa bir refah ortami dogmustu. Bu ortamin etkisiyle padisah Abdülmecit saray halkinin eglencelerine müsamaha göstermis, sarayi örnek alan pasalar ve beyler de konaklarinda hemen her gün eglenceler yapmaya baslamisti. Durum halka da sirayet edince sefahat ve fuhus iyice çogaldi.
Fuhus, Osmanli'da her dönemde vardi ama 19. yüzyilin ikinci yarisindan itibaren "umumhane"lerin yani genelevlerin sayisinin artmasiyla yayginlasti. Abdülaziz Bey'in 'Osmanli Âdet, Merazim ve Tabirleri' isimli kitabinda umumhaneler hakkinda ayrintili bilgiler yer aliyor. Suriçi Istanbul'unda, Beyoglu civarinda ve Üsküdar'da daginik bir halde bulunan umumhanelerde çalisan kadinlar "fahise", "sermaye" veya çogu zaman kullanildigi tabirle "âlüfte" olarak adlandirilirdi.
CILVE KUTUSU IFAKAT
Sishane Karakolu Caddesi, Kisla Arkasi Papaz Köprüsü, Humbaraci Yokusu, Balik Pazari, Dervis Sokagi, Timoni Sokagi, Laleli Çesme, Küçük Balik Pazari, Tarlabasi, Kuledibi, Yüksek Kaldirim, Kasimpasa üstü, Galata, Aksaray, Çivizâde, Sena Yokusu, Salkimsögüt, Çukurbostan, Kalyoncu kullugu gibi yerler umumhanelerin yogun olarak bulundugu semtlerdi. Umumhanelerin her biri sahibinin ismiyle anilirdi ve 'Acem'in hanesi', 'Mumcu Ahmet'in hanesi', 'Alayci Kadri'nin hanesi', 'Keseci Hürmüz'ün hanesi', 'Kaymak tabagi'nin hanesi', 'Langa Fatma'nin hanesi', 'Dönme Ahmet'in hanesi', 'Gül ipek'in hanesi', 'Arnavut Samiye'nin hanesi', 'Kör Emine'nin hanesi' en çok bilinen umumhanelerdi.
Asina olanlar, umumhanelerin nerede oldugunu gayet iyi bilirdi. Ilk defa umumhaneye gidecek olanlara 'muhabbet tellâli', 'gönül postacisi', 'dert ortagi', 'sirdas', 'vasita' ve 'hevenkçi' gibi sifatlarla anilan bazi aracilar yardimci olurdu. Umumhanelerde çalisan kadinlar da gerçek adlari yerine 'Afet', 'Benli Eda', 'Ceylan', 'Dilbaz', 'Bülbül-efkende', 'Feleknaz', 'Handan', 'Cilvekutusu îfakat', 'Isve', 'Isvebaz', 'Kamer', 'Mestinaz', 'Pembe', 'Cihanyandi Pesend', 'Sadberk', 'Sevda', 'Seza', 'Suzide', 'Sazimend', 'Semsiseb', 'Sivekâr', 'Kartopu Söhret', 'Gümüs gerdan Ülfet', 'Vuslat', 'Candayanmaz Zisan', 'Kaymak tabagi Servet' ve 'Ziynet' gibi takma isim kullanirlardi. Bu isimler ayni zamanda sahibinin özelliklerini de yansitirdi.
DOST BULMAK SARTTIR
Umumhanelerde çalisan kadinlarin dinleri, yani Müslüman veya gayrimüslim olmalari fark etmezdi. Istanbullu kadinlarin yaninda ülkenin çesitli bölgelerinden gelenler, hatta Romanya, Rusya ve Avusturya uyruklu kadinlar da umumhanelerde çalisirlardi. Resmi kayitlara göre, yabanci uyruklulardan bir kismini, ülkesinde kandirilip igfal edildikten sonra kaçak olarak Istanbul'a getirilenler olusturuyordu. Çalisma iznine sahip olmayan yabancilar, zaman zaman yetkililere müracaat edip Osmanli tabiiyetine geçmek istiyorlardi.
Fuhus yapan kadinlarin mutlaka bir dayanaga ve koruyucuya Ihtiyaçlari vardi.
Kadinlar, olur-olmaz yerlerde, özellikle çalistiklari evlerde rahatsiz eden, belâ çikaran ve korkutup sahiplenmek isteyen kisilerin ellerinden kurtulmak için bazi kabadayilarin muhafizligina siginirlardi. Kabadayilar kadinlari koruma karsiliginda hanelere serbestçe girip çikarlar, evde bulunduklari zaman kadinlar baskasina çikamaz, ev sahibi tarafindan hürmet görürler, yanlarinda ahbaplarini getirmislerse onlara da alâka gösterilirdi.
Sene baslarinda ve bilhassa bayramlarda kabadayilarin her birine oldukça degerli hediyeler verilirdi.
Umumhanelerde herhangi bir olay çikmasi durumunda kabadayilar ayik ve akli basinda olmak için içki içmezler; kabadayiliklarina halel getirmemek için züppelik saydiklari hareketler yapmazlar; agirbasli, saglam, sakaya gelmez bir tavir takinirlardi. 'Arap Abdullah'. 'Kahraman Bey', 'Halil Bey'. 'Kadayifçi Riza', 'Suhte Niyazi', 'Osman Pehlivan', 'Arnavut Resit', 'Sulu Tahsin', 'Tosun Bey', 'Haci Riza', 'Amber Ali', 'Hisarli Ahmet', 'Camci Muhiddin', 'Çesme Meydanli Rifat' ve 'Fermeneci Izzet' meshur kabadayilardandi. Kabadayilara siginmak kadar, devlet katinda önemli görevleri olan kisilerin dostu olmak da kadinlar için hem güvence hem de övünme vesilesi idi.
YENIYE "HISIR" DENIR
Umumhaneye giden kisi âdet üzere muhabbet tellâlina bir miktar para ödedikten sonra eve girer, öncelikle alt katta bulunan 'muhabbet meydani' veya 'gönül pazari' denilen yere götürülürdü. Ev sahibi içeriye girer, gelen kisi önceden tanidigi biriyse büyük bir sevinçle 'uzun zamandan beri görünmedigini, hasretle beklediklerini, âlüftesinin kendisini çok özledigini abartili yeminlerle anlatirdi. Eger gelen misafir yeni ise, 'bu hanenin öyle rast gele insanlar için olmadigini, aracilik eden adamin hatiri için kendisini kabul ettiklerini söyler ve daha birtakim yalanlarla adamin gönlünü hos tutardi.
Sonra evdeki âlüftelerden birkaçi mütebbessim bir çehre ile odaya girer, ekseriya sol elleri sag koltugu arasina sokulu, sag elleri ile hafifçe çenelerini tutarak manali bakislarla adamin karsisina geçim otururlardi. Gelen kisinin haline, meslegine ve derecesine göre sohbet açarlar, her zaman gelmesini saglamak için iltifat ederlerdi. Yeni gelen kisi 'hisir' veya 'handaval' dedikleri takimdan ise lâfa ona göre baslarlardi. Eger 'gözü bagli' ve 'sigircik kusu' olarak tabir ettikleri genç ve tecrübesiz bir kisi Ise gönül alici sözlerle etkilemeye çalisirlardi. Adam evde fazla kalamayacaksa aralarindan birini seçer, digerleri odadan çikardi. Içeride kalan âlüfte, adamin arzu ve heveslerine göre isveler yapar ve misafirini hosnut ederdi.
KOLTUK BELASI
Müsteri eger gece de kalacak olursa yemek hazirliklari baslar, parasi da alinirdi. Genellikle ucuz yemekler hazirlanir, rakilar içilir, misafire birçok naz ve isveler yapilir, neselendirmek için def çalinir, sarkilar ve maniler söylenerek vakit geçirilirdi. Müsteri zengin ve bol para harcamaya egilimli ise özel muamele görürdü. O gece evde baska misafirler varsa ve birbirlerini taniyorlarsa, onlar da eglenceye istirak eder, bîr odada toplanilir, sarkilar söylenip naralar atilir, vur patlasin çal oynasin bir cümbüs baslardi. Edep disi sözler söylenir, sakalar yapilir, velhasil etraftaki evleri rahatsiz edecek tarzda bir âlem yapilirdi. Güvenlik güçleri, meshur olan bu umumhaneleri bilirler ve kontrol altinda bulundururlardi ama hükümetten bir emir gelmedigi müddetçe müdahalede bulunmazlardi.
Umumhanelerden ayri olarak, 'koltuk' adi verilen randevuevleri de vardi. Bu evler her mahallede bulunabilirdi ve gizli isletilirlerdi. Dis görünüsleri itibariyle normal bir evden hiçbir farklari olmaz, sahipleri de etrafa belli etmemeye çalisirdi. 'Yari hususi' de denilen bu evlerde kadin ve erkek bulusur, ev sahipleri hizmet ederdi. Randevuevlerine çogunlukla geceleri gizlice ve önceden kararlastirilmis parolalar ile girilirdi. Evlerde yüksek sesle konusulmaz, sokak tarafindaki odalarda oturulmaz, arka taraftaki ses geçirmeyecek odalarda kalinirdi.
Koltuklar, yani randevuevleri mahalle arasinda oldugundan normal ev olarak kabul edilirdi ve eger mahalleli fuhus yapildigini tespit ederse eve baskin düzenlerdi. Komsular, mahalleye gelen bir kiracinin ahlâka aykiri is yaptigini, evine degisik insanlarin girdigini anlar ise önce mahallenin delikanlilarina haber verilir, sonra mahalle imamina, muhtara ve ihtiyar heyetine söylenirdi. Mahalleyi fuhustan temizlemek için mahalle bekçisine, mahallenin delikanlilari ile civardaki komsulara dikkatli olmalari tembih edilirdi.
Fuhus yapildigindan süphelenilen haneye gizlice bir adamin girdigi görüldügü anda bütün mahalleli haberdar edilirdi. Allah'tan korkun, çekilin. Namus ehline tecavüzde bulunmayin' diye karsilik verip mahalleliyi inandirmaya çalisirlardi.
Içeridekiler direnirse Imamin 'kirin' emri ile kapi tekmelerle açilir, herkes birbirini iterek içeri dolar ve büyük bir gürültü kopardi. Evin her tarafi arandiktan sonra eger kimse bulunamazsa mahalleli dagilir, geride kalan imam ve muhtar efendiler, 'Bu yapilanlar çirkin bir sey ise de ahalice namusunuza bir defa daha inanilmasi bakimindan yine de hakkinizda hayirli oldu' gibi sözler sarf eder, ev sahibinden Özür dilerlerdi. Böyle olmaz da evde bir adam yakalanirsa, her tarafindan biri tutar, yüzüne tükürülür, yapilmadik hakaret kalmaz, 'Bre ise yaramaz habis, mahallemiz senin gibi rezillere mesken olamaz, senin hakkindan simdi hükümet gelir' denilerek yerde sürüklenirdi.
GENELEVE MECBURI IZIN
Baskina gidenlere, çevreden olayi duyanlarin da katilmasiyla kalabalik giderek artar, herkes pencerelere dolusur, adam hayli hirpalanmis ve süklüm püklüm bir sekilde karakola teslim edilirdi. Daha sonra mahalleli 'Hey gidi, burasi namuslu bir mahalledir. Buraya düsünüp tasinmadan girmek ne cesarettir, simdi buldu belâsini' gibi sözlerle tekrar fuhsun yapildigi eve döner, evdekîlere ertesi sabahtan tezi yok defolup gitmelerini, aksi halde gerekenin yapilacagini söyleyip dagilirlardi.
Hükümetin denetimi altinda ama gayri resmi sekilde faaliyet gösteren umumhaneler, 'koltuk' adi verilen hususi evlere göre çok daha güvenceli idi. Fuhsu engellemenin zorlugunu bilen hükümet, umumhanelerin varligina ses çikarmiyor, denetim altinda bulundurarak yayginlasmasinin Önüne geçmeye çalisiyordu. Umumhanelerin sayisinda artis olursa siki tedbirler uygulaniyordu.
Meselâ, 1859'da Istanbul'da fuhsun çogalmasi üzerine Sadrazam Âli Pasa bir emirname yayinladi. Emirnameye göre, fuhus yapanlar, fiilin derecesine göre 48 saatten üç aya kadar hapis veya üç aydan alti aya kadar sürgün ile cezalandirilacaklardi. Bu tür tedbirler fuhsun önüne geçilmesi için yeterli degildi. Hükümet de durumun farkinda oldugundan özellikle meshur umumhanelerin faaliyetlerine göz yumardi.
Umumhanelere göz yumulmasindaki amaç, fuhus sektörünü belli mekânlarda tutmak ve mahalle aralarina yayilmasini engellemekti. Bu yerler zaten güvenlik güçlerinin denetiminde bulunur, hatta umumhane sahipleri güvenlikten sorumlu yetkilileri bir sekilde memnun ederlerdi. Koltuk adi verilen ve mahalle aralarinda faaliyet gösteren mekânlar ise mahallelinin yaptigi baskinlarla kapatiliyor, baskini yapanlar arasinda resmi görevlilerin de bulunmasi yapilan isleme bir tür yasallik kazandiriyordu.
POLIS MAASA BAGLANMIS
Hükümet ve umumhaneler arasindaki bu karsilikli kabullenme, birtakim sikâyetlere de sebep oluyordu. I892'de padisah Ikinci Abdülhamit'e verilen bir jurnalde, Istanbul'da asayissizligin ve fuhsun arttigi, Zaptiye Naziri Hüseyin Nazim Pasa'nin hiçbir tedbir almadigi ifade ediliyordu. Jurnalde yazildigina göre, Nazim Pasa'nin korudugu Komiser Hüsnü ve polis memuru Saban Efendiler, sorumlu olduklari bölgelerdeki umumhanelerden ayda altisar lira rüsvet aliyorlar, ayrica gözlerine kestirdikleri namuslu kadinlarla tehdit yoluyla beraber oluyorlar, sonra da umumhanelere düsmelerine yol açiyorlardi. Tekliflerine razi olmayan kadinlari ise birtakim iftiralarla karakollara sevk ediyorlar, evli olanlari kocalarindan bosattiriyorlar, perisan edilen zavalli kadinlar sonuçta ya fahise oluyor yahut hapishaneye düsüyorlardi.
YÜZ ADET GENELEV VARDI
Mahallelerinde umumhanelerin fazlaligindan rahatsizlik duyan halk da zaman zaman sikâyetini yetkililere iletiyordu.
Tarlabasi'nda bulunan umumhanelerden sikâyetçi olan semt halki 1905'te bir dilekçe vermisti. Konuyu ele alan Beyoglu Mutasarrifligi sikâyetlere hak vermekle beraber, umumhanelerin kapatilmasi halinde her tarafa dagilacaklarina, dolayisiyla zararlarinin daha fazla olacagina ve mücadele etmenin zorlasacagina karar verdi.
1900'lü yillarin basinda Galata ve çevresinde 100 civarinda umumhane vardi ve hükümet bu yerleri mümkün oldugu kadar bir arada tutmaya gayret ediyordu.
IMAM, KADIN KALDIRDI
Unkapani'nda 1903'te ilginç bir fuhus hadisesi cereyan etti. Unkapani Salih Pasa Mahallesi Camii imami Mehmet Necip Efendi, bekârdi ve camiin içindeki bir odada kaliyordu. Cemaat, camiye kadin getirdiginden süphelendigi imami göz hapsine almisti. Nitekim bir gece, imamin yaninda bir kadinla camiye girdigini gören halk, durumu zaptiyeye haber verdi. Sikâyet üzerine gelen zaptiye memurlari, camiye girdiklerinde Imam Mehmet Efendi'nin Vasfiye adli bir fahiseyle beraber olduklarini gördüler. Imam ve kadin karakola götürüldü, ayrica Imamin bu uygunsuz davranisi Seyhülislâm'a sikayet edildi.
1904'te Bahçivan Yuvan idi, karisini ve kizini Dimitri adli birinin kandirip igfal ettigini, sonra da Beyoglu'nda bir umumhanede çalistirdigini sikâyet etmisti. Yapilan arastirma neticesinde söz konusu kadinlar umumhanede bulunmus, Rum Patrikhanesi'ne teslim edilmisti.
1905'te meydana gelen bir baska hadise ise söyle idi: Tophane'de Seyyid Nizam Mahallesi'nde oturan Mustafa adli bir sahis evini umumhane haline getirmis ve komsulari tarafindan sikâyet edilmisti. Yakalanip sorguya çekilen Mustafa kendisinin namuslu bir insan oldugunu, evi ise annesinin islettigini söylemisti.
YENI YASA GEREKTI
Ikinci Mesrutiyetin 1908'de ilaniyla birlikte yürürlüge giren anayasada, mesken dokunulmazligi hükmü vardi. Artik hane sahibinin izni olmaksizin hiç kimsenin evine zorla girilemeyecekti. Eski dönemlerdeki gibi baskin yapilamadigi için fuhus daha da yayginlasti. Ikinci Mesrutiyet'ten sonra gerek Istanbul'un birçok semtinden, gerekse çesitli vilâyetlerden gelen sikâyet yazilari, fuhsun anormal derecede arttigini gösteriyordu. Mesken dokunulmazligina güvenen birçok ahlâksiz, aleni bir sekilde fuhus yaptirmaktan kaçinmiyordu. Valiler, fuhsun önüne geçebilmek için ya eski baskin yönteminin yeniden uygulanmasini yahut boslugu giderecek yeni bir yasanin çikarilmasini talep ediyorlardi.
MADAM DESPINA'NIN EVI
Pes pese ortaya çikan savaslar, alinan yenilgiler, artan fakirlik ve issizlik de fuhsu yayginlastirdi. Sikâyette bulunanlar arasinda Müslüman ve gayrimüslim halkin yanisira Istanbul'da ikamet eden yabanci uyruklular da vardi. Sikâyetlerin ardi arkasi kesilmiyordu: 1910'da, Sisli'deki Süvari Karakolu civarinda 17 evin randevuevine dönüstürüldügü, 1911 Ocak'inda Bakirköy Bostan içi'nde, Asmali Sokak'ta Madam Despina'nin umumhane açtigi, 1913'te de Sisli'de, Nikogosyan Kiz Mektebi yaninda Nazif adli kisinin fuhus yaptirdigi sikâyet edilmis ve önlem alinmasi istenmisti.
Yetkililer sikâyetleri dikkate aliyor ama çözüm bulma konusunda sikinti çekiyorlardi. Emniyet Müdürlügü konuyla ilgili olarak Beyoglu Emniyeti'ne gönderdigi bir yazida, umumhane meselesinin giderek ciddiyet kazandigini, halkin sikâyetlerinde hakli oldugunu ama dilekçelere kesin bir cevap vermenin zorlugunu yazmisti. Emniyet Müdürlügü, umumhanelerin hepsinin kapatilmasinin mümkün olamayacagini ve bir araya toplayarak kontrol altinda tutulabilecegini düsünüyordu. Fakat umumhaneleri bir araya toplamak da uzun vadeli ve belediyenin el atmasi gereken bir isti. Yapilabilecek tek sey, fuhus mekânlarinin siki bir sekilde denetlenmesi ve mahallelinin rahatsiz olmasinin önüne geçilmesi idi.
GS'NIN KOMSU EVLERI
Umumhanelerle basa çikmakta zorlanan . yetkililer, bir yandan da kadinlari bu hayattan kurtaracak bazi tedbirler aliyorlardi. Istanbul Polis Müdürlügü'nün bu konuda Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü'ne gönderdigi bir yazida, kadinlarin fuhsa sürüklenmesinin en önemli sebebinin fakirlik ve geçimlerini temin etme endisesi oldugu söyleniyor ve bazi kadinlarin askeri dikimevinde istihdam edilmeleri teklif ediliyordu. Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü ise bu uygulamanin zaten yapildigini yazmis ve Ilginç bir tespitte bulunmustu: Umumhanelerde çalisan kadinlar geçim sikintisindan ziyade bu isi bir aliskanlik hafine getirmislerdi ve bu sebeple geri dönüsleri zordu.
Okul idareleri de umumhanelerden sikâyetçi idi ve en büyük tepkiyi Beyoglu'nda bulunan Galatasaray Lisesi yöneticileri gösteriyordu. Çünkü okulun hemen yan tarafindaki Yeni çarsi Caddesi'nde sira sira umumhaneler vardi ve ögrenciler burada çalisan kadinlari rahatlikla görebiliyordu.
Ögrenciler bu durumdan pek sikâyetçi degildiler ama idareciler, umumhanelerdeki hafifmesrep kadinlarin pencerelerde ve balkonlarda açik saçik dolastiklarim, ögrencilerin zihinlerini bulandirdiklarini söylemisler, umumhanelerin kaldirilmasini istemislerdi. Ileride milletin ve memleketin kaderi ellerine birakilacak mümtaz ögrencilerin ahlâklarinin bozulmasina izin verilmemeliydi.
PENCERENI KAPAT VE OTUR!
Umumhanelerin tek bir yerde toplanmasi bir türlü saglanamamis, halkin sikâyetleri devam etmisti. Kadiköy Duvar dibi'ndeki Riza Pasa Mahallesi'nin sakinleri, 1919'da semtlerindeki umumhanelerin kaldirilmasi için pes pese dilekçe vermisler, sikâyetlerinden sonuç alamayinca mahalleli adina Anadolu Demiryollari Komiseri bizzat Içisleri Bakani'na bir mektupla basvurmustu.
Mektupta söyle deniyordu
'Bundan iki sene evvel Türk ve Hiristiyan, namuslu ve kibar ailelerle meskun Kadiköy Duvar dibi Riza Pasa Mahallesi'nde polis müdüriyetinin karariyla iki umumhane açildi.
Biz hadiseyi duyar duymaz umumhanenin engellenmesi Için gerekli yerlere derhal müracaat ettik ama hiçbir netice alamadik. O zamandan beri araliksiz olarak müracaata devam ediyoruz. Bizi hep oyaliyorlar yahut 'Pencereni kapa otur' diyorlar.
Muhterem Beyefendi! Riza Pasa, Mühürdar ve Moda ahalisi Kadiköy'ün en kibar, en nazik ve en terbiyeli halkidir. Burada umumhane haline getirilmis alti adet ev vardir ve hepsi ahsaptir. Her gece duyulan sazlar, sarkilar, kavgalar, kadin bagrismalari ve silâh seslerinin yaninda, bu sefil kadinlar görgü kurallarina hiç riayet etmiyor ve çirkin hareketlerde bulunuyorlar. Hatta, söylemekten utaniyorum, her seyi açikta yapiyorlar. Namuslu aileler arasina saçilan bu ahlâksizlik, bu sefalet, bu müptezellik henüz bir çiçek halinde hayata atilmaya hazirlanmis genç kizlar üzerinde bir tesir meydana getirmez mi?
YANGIN VE KAVGA TEHLIKESI
Oraya gelen gençler, bekârlar veya evliler ne olursa olsun islerini sazsiz sözsüz göremezler mi? Namusumuz üzerine yemin ederek söylüyoruz, sabahlara kadar rahat bir uyku uyuyamiyoruz. Her zaman için yangin tehlikesi, kavga ve silâhli çatisma ihtimali mevcut. Bizim daha fazla istirap çekmemize bîr son verdireceginizi ayaklariniza kapanarak istirham ederiz. Talebimiz, bu umumhanelerin buradan kaldirilip münasip bir yere nakledilmeleridir.
KIMSENIN GÜCÜ YETMEDI
Içisleri Bakani, Emnîyet'ten meselenin arastirilmasini ve bilgi verilmesini istedi. Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü, Içisleri Bakanligi'na, Kadiköy civarindaki umumhanelerin Duvar dibi'nde toplanmasinin Emniyet Müdürlügü tarafindan olusturulan bir komisyonun karari oldugunu, bu evlerin yikilmasi halinde fuhsun Kadiköy'ün diger semtlerine dagilacagini ve sikâyetlerin artacagini, dolayisi ile umumhanelerin bulunduklari yerde kalmalarinin daha uygun oldugunu yazmisti. Eger içki ve çalgi yasaklanir, olay çikmasi da engellenirse mahallelinin huzuru kismen de olsa temin edilebilirdi.
Neticede yine kesin bir çözüm bulunamamis, umumhaneler faaliyetlerini icraya devam etmislerdi.
SOURCE
Wednesday, October 31, 2012
Tuesday, October 30, 2012
Prostitution in Constantinople
Due to European intervention during the 19th century, the Empire began to attempt to curtail the slave trade, which had been considered legally valid under Ottoman law since the beginning of the empire. A series of legal acts was issued that limited the slavery of white people initially and of those of all races and religions later. In 1830, a firman of Sultan Mahmud II gave freedom to white slaves. This category included the Circassians, who had the custom of selling their own children, enslaved Greeks who had revolted against the Empire in 1821, and some others. Another firman abolishing the trade of Circassian children was issued in October, 1854. A firman to the Pasha of Egypt was issued in 1857 and an order to the viziers of various local authorities in the Near East, such as the Balkans and Cyprus, in 1858, prohibited the trade of black slaves but did not order the liberation of those already enslaved. However, slavery and the slave trade in Ottoman Empire continued for decades, as legal texts like the above were not backed by a penalty system. It was not until 1871 that a circular of July 20th of that year introduced the penalty of one years imprisonment for those who practiced the slave trade. Later, slave trafficking was expressly forbidden by utilizing clever technical loopholes in the application of sharia, or Islamic law.
“Between 1870 and 1939 Jews played a conspicuous role in white slavery, as the prostitution of that era was called. Not only was this participation conspicuous, but it was, for the Jews, historically unprecedented, geographically widespread, and in an age of pandemic anti-Semitism fraught with collective political dangers.”
Edward J. Bristow, PROSTITUTION AND PREJUDICE,
The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery 1870-1939
“Yet the cases of voluntary consent escaped the control of the police, as well as such cases, where the parties were provided with a marriage testimonial; for several cases [8]indeed have been registered of men of Jewish extraction having sold their wives into servitude; after leaving Odessa with their wives, they returned within a certain time with their passport bearing the remark in the hand of the Russian consul in Constantinople: »Wife remained abroad” or »Divorced”. It is evident that such cases, presenting an appearance of complete matrimonial legality can scarcely be rooted out by administrative measures.”
...
"En Orient, principalement en Turquie d’Asie, les Grecques et les Italiennes sont les plus demandées. Constantinople, ce grand dépôt international d’esclaves blanches, fournit des Autrichiennes, des Roumaines et quelques Russes. Chose curieuse, les Hongroises ne se trouvent guère à l’étranger sauf dans les pays danubiens. On peut calculer que 33 p. 100 environ des prostituées de Smyrna et Bayrouth sont des juives Autrichiennes, avant déjà séjourné en Turquie. L’Autriche (la Galicie, Trieste et ses environs) fournit avec l’Italie à peu près 75 p. 100 des pauvres filles importées en Egypte, sans compter celles, qui viennent grossir le nombre des indigènes, qui peuplent les harems du Caïre, d’Hélonan et de l’Alexandrie.
".... a monthly magazine (G. and R.) of April 1889, which stated that in Constantinople every week loads German and Italian girls arrive, either on the road Varna-Odessa-Salonica, either through the ports of the Adriatic sea."
"...The Monthly magazine of 1 April 1889 mentions the fact that in some cities actual slave markets exists and mainly in Constantinople. There is a market, where the young women sells, which for this purpose from Austria, Germany, Italy and Russia will be charged. And what the fairs, so says the same magazine that in Constantinople a building, the Casino called, which in reality is nothing more than an exhibition, where the human merchandise as easily traded as other merchandise at a show in New York. Goron mentions in his already mentioned drawing, which has long been at San Francisco localities known under the name of "Chambres de la Reine", in truth public slave markets."
De 'handel in blanke slavinnen | Wolter Louis Albert Collard
The "white slave trade".
academic Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence
At the University of Amsterdam,
On the authority of the Rector Dr.. S. Cramer,
Professor in the Faculty of Theology,
To publicly defend on Wednesday, July 11, 1900, in the afternoon to 4 hours,
In the auditorium of the University, by Wolter Louis Albert Collard, Born in Soestdijk.
Amsterdam,
Book, art & commercial printing v / h. Binger brothers. 1900.
MORE ARTICLES 1(TURKISH) , 2, 3
“Between 1870 and 1939 Jews played a conspicuous role in white slavery, as the prostitution of that era was called. Not only was this participation conspicuous, but it was, for the Jews, historically unprecedented, geographically widespread, and in an age of pandemic anti-Semitism fraught with collective political dangers.”
Edward J. Bristow, PROSTITUTION AND PREJUDICE,
The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery 1870-1939
“Yet the cases of voluntary consent escaped the control of the police, as well as such cases, where the parties were provided with a marriage testimonial; for several cases [8]indeed have been registered of men of Jewish extraction having sold their wives into servitude; after leaving Odessa with their wives, they returned within a certain time with their passport bearing the remark in the hand of the Russian consul in Constantinople: »Wife remained abroad” or »Divorced”. It is evident that such cases, presenting an appearance of complete matrimonial legality can scarcely be rooted out by administrative measures.”
...
"En Orient, principalement en Turquie d’Asie, les Grecques et les Italiennes sont les plus demandées. Constantinople, ce grand dépôt international d’esclaves blanches, fournit des Autrichiennes, des Roumaines et quelques Russes. Chose curieuse, les Hongroises ne se trouvent guère à l’étranger sauf dans les pays danubiens. On peut calculer que 33 p. 100 environ des prostituées de Smyrna et Bayrouth sont des juives Autrichiennes, avant déjà séjourné en Turquie. L’Autriche (la Galicie, Trieste et ses environs) fournit avec l’Italie à peu près 75 p. 100 des pauvres filles importées en Egypte, sans compter celles, qui viennent grossir le nombre des indigènes, qui peuplent les harems du Caïre, d’Hélonan et de l’Alexandrie.
".... a monthly magazine (G. and R.) of April 1889, which stated that in Constantinople every week loads German and Italian girls arrive, either on the road Varna-Odessa-Salonica, either through the ports of the Adriatic sea."
"...The Monthly magazine of 1 April 1889 mentions the fact that in some cities actual slave markets exists and mainly in Constantinople. There is a market, where the young women sells, which for this purpose from Austria, Germany, Italy and Russia will be charged. And what the fairs, so says the same magazine that in Constantinople a building, the Casino called, which in reality is nothing more than an exhibition, where the human merchandise as easily traded as other merchandise at a show in New York. Goron mentions in his already mentioned drawing, which has long been at San Francisco localities known under the name of "Chambres de la Reine", in truth public slave markets."
De 'handel in blanke slavinnen | Wolter Louis Albert Collard
The "white slave trade".
academic Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence
At the University of Amsterdam,
On the authority of the Rector Dr.. S. Cramer,
Professor in the Faculty of Theology,
To publicly defend on Wednesday, July 11, 1900, in the afternoon to 4 hours,
In the auditorium of the University, by Wolter Louis Albert Collard, Born in Soestdijk.
Amsterdam,
Book, art & commercial printing v / h. Binger brothers. 1900.
MORE ARTICLES 1(TURKISH) , 2, 3
Destination: Alexandria, Buenos Aires, Constantinople
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century traffickers in Habsburg Galicia and Bukovina, as well as Romania, and Russia were popularly considered to be Jews; so, too, were many of their victims. How many ended in Costak's Galata.
Few forms of socially deviant behavior received so much attention in the sexually saturated Austrian fin de siècle as Mädchenhandel, or trafficking in girls, also called white slave trafficking. Trafficking in women and girls had not been unknown in preindustrial Cisleithania, but the discourse from the turn of the century embodied concerns about the need for social control in increasingly anonymous, modernizing, urbanizing, and capitalist society. Certainly, Mädchenhandel was in many ways a modern crime, a crime associated particularly with Jews, who were popularly believed to supply white, unwilling girls to serve as prostitutes in brothels worldwide. Ever-expanding and improving communication and transportation networks, which both facilitated large-scale immigration and permitted women to travel alone as never before, as well as the anonymity of the growing metropolises in Habsburg central Europe facilitated the practice. Indeed, commercial sex was a flourishing enterprise in the expanding urban centers of the nineteenth-century Habsburg Monarchy, where prostitution was tolerated and thus regulated.
Popular debate on white slavery in late imperial Cisleithania expanded after the passage of a law eliminating the periodical-press stamp beginning on 1 January 1900, allowing for the proliferation of inexpensive and often illustrated newspapers among an increasingly literate audience. Not only did the muckraking sensationalist newspapers of the capital address the topic, but it was also the subject of discussion in provincial journals intended for women, which besides serving a didactic function (warning them of possible danger) also permitted women who were not involved in trafficking to follow with prurient interest and feigned or real horror the fates of their unfortunate sisters. This discourse focused above all on Bukovina and Galicia, two impoverished regions in the eastern reaches of the empire, both with large Jewish populations. Reflecting a variety of European-wide developments, among them eugenics, criminology, and racial nationalism, the rhetoric facilitated the language of difference. This debate included tropes like the corruption of "innocent girls," especially by eastern European Jewish "Others" who kidnapped and even "enslaved" girls and took them to racially different faraway places to ply the sex trade. A closer examination of the issue, however, reveals a more complicated picture that involves young women, attracted by the anticipated wealth of foreign liberators, hastily marrying these men and going abroad with them in the hope of a better life, often with the full support of their often poverty-stricken families. In order to supply the monarchy's tolerated bordellos with fresh supplies of sexual talent, pimps and other panderers, many of them Christian, regularly arranged for the transport of prostitutes to bordellos throughout Austria-Hungary and neighboring Germany. It was, however, the white slavers—both male and female, and popularly identified as Jewish—and those girls and women they trafficked abroad, often, but not always, poor Jews from the eastern regions of the empire, who aroused the greatest public indignation.
The worldwide traffic in women had become a concern among European reformers in the second half of the nineteenth century. By the mid-1880s, English feminist and social reformer Josephine Butler, whose International Abolitionist Association had branches throughout Great Britain and Europe dedicated to the elimination of prostitution, had been made aware of the trade in women and girls connected with prostitution. Association member William A. Coote soon formed national committees for the suppression of white slave traffic in various European capitals and also in Egypt, South America, South Africa, and the United States. Western European Jewish reformers had noticed a conspicuous involvement among eastern European Jews in white slaving. Thus, in 1885 the Jewish Association for the Protection of Girls, Women, and Children was established in London, and in 1897 the Hamburg branch of B'nai B'rith formed a Jewish Committee to Combat White Slavery.
Destination: Alexandria, Buenos Aires, Constantinople; "White Slavers" in Late Imperial Austria
Nancy M. Wingfield
From: Journal of the History of Sexuality
Volume 20, Number 2, May 2011
pp. 291-311 | 10.1353/sex.2011.0024
Jewish procuring flourished throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire. One Jewish madam was known as "Lucky Sarah" so named because she was the founder of the Hungarian export trade. Equally famous was Sarah Grossman known as "The Turk" because of her practive of dispatching girls to Constantinople. Two major centers of sex slave exporting were the industrial towns of Czernowitz and Lemberg. In 1892 a very famous mass trial of 27 procurers was held in the latter. All 27 defendants were Galician Jews. SOURCE
Few forms of socially deviant behavior received so much attention in the sexually saturated Austrian fin de siècle as Mädchenhandel, or trafficking in girls, also called white slave trafficking. Trafficking in women and girls had not been unknown in preindustrial Cisleithania, but the discourse from the turn of the century embodied concerns about the need for social control in increasingly anonymous, modernizing, urbanizing, and capitalist society. Certainly, Mädchenhandel was in many ways a modern crime, a crime associated particularly with Jews, who were popularly believed to supply white, unwilling girls to serve as prostitutes in brothels worldwide. Ever-expanding and improving communication and transportation networks, which both facilitated large-scale immigration and permitted women to travel alone as never before, as well as the anonymity of the growing metropolises in Habsburg central Europe facilitated the practice. Indeed, commercial sex was a flourishing enterprise in the expanding urban centers of the nineteenth-century Habsburg Monarchy, where prostitution was tolerated and thus regulated.
Popular debate on white slavery in late imperial Cisleithania expanded after the passage of a law eliminating the periodical-press stamp beginning on 1 January 1900, allowing for the proliferation of inexpensive and often illustrated newspapers among an increasingly literate audience. Not only did the muckraking sensationalist newspapers of the capital address the topic, but it was also the subject of discussion in provincial journals intended for women, which besides serving a didactic function (warning them of possible danger) also permitted women who were not involved in trafficking to follow with prurient interest and feigned or real horror the fates of their unfortunate sisters. This discourse focused above all on Bukovina and Galicia, two impoverished regions in the eastern reaches of the empire, both with large Jewish populations. Reflecting a variety of European-wide developments, among them eugenics, criminology, and racial nationalism, the rhetoric facilitated the language of difference. This debate included tropes like the corruption of "innocent girls," especially by eastern European Jewish "Others" who kidnapped and even "enslaved" girls and took them to racially different faraway places to ply the sex trade. A closer examination of the issue, however, reveals a more complicated picture that involves young women, attracted by the anticipated wealth of foreign liberators, hastily marrying these men and going abroad with them in the hope of a better life, often with the full support of their often poverty-stricken families. In order to supply the monarchy's tolerated bordellos with fresh supplies of sexual talent, pimps and other panderers, many of them Christian, regularly arranged for the transport of prostitutes to bordellos throughout Austria-Hungary and neighboring Germany. It was, however, the white slavers—both male and female, and popularly identified as Jewish—and those girls and women they trafficked abroad, often, but not always, poor Jews from the eastern regions of the empire, who aroused the greatest public indignation.
The worldwide traffic in women had become a concern among European reformers in the second half of the nineteenth century. By the mid-1880s, English feminist and social reformer Josephine Butler, whose International Abolitionist Association had branches throughout Great Britain and Europe dedicated to the elimination of prostitution, had been made aware of the trade in women and girls connected with prostitution. Association member William A. Coote soon formed national committees for the suppression of white slave traffic in various European capitals and also in Egypt, South America, South Africa, and the United States. Western European Jewish reformers had noticed a conspicuous involvement among eastern European Jews in white slaving. Thus, in 1885 the Jewish Association for the Protection of Girls, Women, and Children was established in London, and in 1897 the Hamburg branch of B'nai B'rith formed a Jewish Committee to Combat White Slavery.
Destination: Alexandria, Buenos Aires, Constantinople; "White Slavers" in Late Imperial Austria
Nancy M. Wingfield
From: Journal of the History of Sexuality
Volume 20, Number 2, May 2011
pp. 291-311 | 10.1353/sex.2011.0024
Tuesday, October 02, 2012
The Maniots Redux (Expended)
The inhabitants of Tatavla where Petri found refuge and anonimity were mainly resettled by the Ottomans with the Greeks of Mani region. They worked mostly at the admiralty shipyards of Kasimpasa by Halic/Golden Horn. The region where they came was mountainous and inaccessible hence they historically must have developed sailing skills. Homer's "Catalogue of ships in the Iliad mentions the cities of Mani: Messi, Vitilon (Itilo), Kardamli (or Skardamoula), Enopi, Gerinia, Pefnos, Avia, Githio, Kotronas, etc.
The Maniots (or Maniates; Greek: Μανιάτες)
The Mani Peninsula, also known as Maina, is a region in Greece. The Mani is the central peninsula of the three which extend southwards from the Peloponnese in southern Greece. The name "Mani" is thought to have originally meant "dry" or "treeless." Administratively, The Mani is divided between the districts of Laconia and Messenia. Messenian Maniot surnames almost uniformly end in -eas, whereas Laconian Maniot ones in -akos.
Homer refers to a number of towns in the Mani region. The area was occupied by the Dorians in about 1200 BC, and became a dependency of Sparta. The Mani was self-governing for a time before being absorbed into the Roman Empire in the 2nd century. As the power of the Byzantine Empire declined in the 9th century AD, the fortress of Maini in the south became the area's centre. After the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Italian and French knights (known to the Greeks as Franks), occupied parts of the Peloponnese. In 1249 the Mani was occupied by the Venetians, who made it one of the twelve baronies of the Principality of Moreas and built the fortresses of Mystras, Passavas, Gustema (Beaufort) and Megali Maini.
In 1460 Mystras fell to the Ottomans, but the Mani was not subdued and retained its internal self-government in exchange for an annual tribute. The Maniots continued to bear arms and sporadically refused to pay levies and taxes imposed by the Ottomans. The Maniots survived by becoming pirates. Very ferocious closely-knit clans united by blood evolved. Local chieftains or beys governed Mani on behalf of the Ottomans. As Ottoman power declined, the mountains of the Mani became a stronghold of the kleftes, bandits who also fought against the Ottomans. There is evidence of a sizeable Maniot emigration to Corsica sometime during the Ottoman years. The last bey of Mani, Petros Mavromichalis was among the leaders of the Greek War of Independence. He proclaimed the revolution at Areopoli on 17 March 1821. The Maniots contributed greatly to the struggle, but once Greek independence was won they wanted to retain their local autonomy. During the reign of Ioannis Kapodistrias they violently resisted outside interference. The Mani's local autonomy was abolished in 1870, and the area gradually became a backwater as the inhabitants abandoned the land through emigration.
The Maniots (or Maniates; Greek: Μανιάτες)
The Mani Peninsula, also known as Maina, is a region in Greece. The Mani is the central peninsula of the three which extend southwards from the Peloponnese in southern Greece. The name "Mani" is thought to have originally meant "dry" or "treeless." Administratively, The Mani is divided between the districts of Laconia and Messenia. Messenian Maniot surnames almost uniformly end in -eas, whereas Laconian Maniot ones in -akos.
Homer refers to a number of towns in the Mani region. The area was occupied by the Dorians in about 1200 BC, and became a dependency of Sparta. The Mani was self-governing for a time before being absorbed into the Roman Empire in the 2nd century. As the power of the Byzantine Empire declined in the 9th century AD, the fortress of Maini in the south became the area's centre. After the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Italian and French knights (known to the Greeks as Franks), occupied parts of the Peloponnese. In 1249 the Mani was occupied by the Venetians, who made it one of the twelve baronies of the Principality of Moreas and built the fortresses of Mystras, Passavas, Gustema (Beaufort) and Megali Maini.
In 1460 Mystras fell to the Ottomans, but the Mani was not subdued and retained its internal self-government in exchange for an annual tribute. The Maniots continued to bear arms and sporadically refused to pay levies and taxes imposed by the Ottomans. The Maniots survived by becoming pirates. Very ferocious closely-knit clans united by blood evolved. Local chieftains or beys governed Mani on behalf of the Ottomans. As Ottoman power declined, the mountains of the Mani became a stronghold of the kleftes, bandits who also fought against the Ottomans. There is evidence of a sizeable Maniot emigration to Corsica sometime during the Ottoman years. The last bey of Mani, Petros Mavromichalis was among the leaders of the Greek War of Independence. He proclaimed the revolution at Areopoli on 17 March 1821. The Maniots contributed greatly to the struggle, but once Greek independence was won they wanted to retain their local autonomy. During the reign of Ioannis Kapodistrias they violently resisted outside interference. The Mani's local autonomy was abolished in 1870, and the area gradually became a backwater as the inhabitants abandoned the land through emigration.
Etymologically, the name "Maniot" is a diminutive implying "of Mani". Geographically, the peninsula itself is an extension of the Taygetus mountain range. Throughout history, the Maniots have been known by their neighbors and their enemies as fierce warriors, proudly independent, who practice blood feuds – so fierce and savage, in fact, that they have been compared to the Nordic Berserkers. At times they were even referred to as the "super soldiers" of the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and early to mid 19th centuries. Napoleon Bonaparte addressed to them as "Spartan descendants" and Theodoros Kolokotronis (leader of the Greek War of Independence) called them "The Spartans".
Their surnames uniformly end in "-eas" in what is now the Messenian part of Mani, "-akos" in what is now the Laconian part of Mani and the occasional "-oggonas". The Maniot "-akos" is not to be confused with the Cretan "-akis", which was introduced into Mani by the first Cretan refugees who fled Crete once the Ottomans eventually fully occupied Crete in 1669. The Maniot "akos" denotes strength, power andmasculinity as opposed to the Cretan "akis" which denotes weakness, being small, and being effeminate in nature.
During the early modern period, the Maniots were renowned pirates with Oitylo having the nickname Great Algiers. For the most part, the Maniots lived in fortified villages (and "house-towers") where they defended their lands against the Ottomans and even against the armies of William II Villehardouin .Dances
Two dances come from Mani: Palio Maniatiko (meaning "Old Maniot") and the Modern Maniatiko. The Palio Maniatiko is only found in Mani and is described as an ancient dance. The Modern Maniatiko is the modern version of the Palio Maniatiko dance and includes certain aspects of the Kalamatiano dance in it. Like the Palio Maniatiko, it is only performed in Mani.
Piracy
"If any ship come to anchor on their coast, many arm themselves and go to the place, over against where the ship doth ride; some of them will be in priests habits, walking by the sea side, with their wallets, in which they will have some wine and bread. Their companions lye hid behind the bushes at some convenient post. When any strangers come ashore, who do not understand their language, the feigned priests make signes to them, shewing them their bread and wine, which they offer to them for money, by which the strangers being enticed from the sea side (and it may be to sit down and taste their wine) the hidden Manjotts come and make their prey. The priests will seem to be sorry, and endeavor to make the strangers to believe they were altogether ignorant of any such design. So a white flagg is put out, and a treaty held with the ship for their ransome. The priests endeavor to moderate the price, showing a great deal of respect to their companions, who are clothed in Turkish habits. Many ships have been thus served." Bernard Randolph, Present State of the Morea.
Part of Maniot culture involved piracy. The Maniots were famous and fearsome pirates whose ships dominated the Maniot coastline. The Maniots became pirates because Mani was not a very fertile land and the Maniots did not have many natural resources. The Maniots considered piracy a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor, and it became their main source of income.[83] The pirate raids were not stopped by the local priests of the Eastern Orthodox Church, who in fact blessed the ships before they left and sometimes accompanied them on raids. Most of the Maniot pirates came from Messa Mani.[84] The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans, but the Maniots also targeted ships of powerful European countries.
Superstition
The Maniots are a very superstitious people. Maniots mainly believe in witches, demons, vampires, and ghosts. When Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon, was touring Mani in 1839, he found a fresh egg by the side of the road and offered it to a Maniot soldier who escorted him, who declined the offer claiming that if a hag had enchanted it he would have to marry her. The Maniots thought that certain areas were haunted by demons.
Vendettas
Another important aspect of Maniot culture were the vendettas which frequently plagued Mani. Usually, the decision to start a vendetta was made at a family gathering. The main aim of a vendetta was usually to wipe out the other family. The families involved locked themselves in their towers and whenever they got the chance murdered members of the opposing family.[86] The other families in the village normally locked themselves in their towers in order not to get in the way of the fighting.
Some vendettas went on for months, sometimes years. In vendettas, the families could have a truce or treva, if one family needed to attend a religious ceremony or when it was time to harvest the crops. As soon as the treva ended, the killing could resume. Vendettas usually ended when one family was exterminated or when the defeated family left the town. Sometimes families came to terms, and vendettas stopped when the Turks invaded. The longest treva occurred when the Mavromichales declared war on the Turks in 1821. Vendettas continued after the liberation of Greece even though the Regency tried to demolish the towers.
Piracy
"If any ship come to anchor on their coast, many arm themselves and go to the place, over against where the ship doth ride; some of them will be in priests habits, walking by the sea side, with their wallets, in which they will have some wine and bread. Their companions lye hid behind the bushes at some convenient post. When any strangers come ashore, who do not understand their language, the feigned priests make signes to them, shewing them their bread and wine, which they offer to them for money, by which the strangers being enticed from the sea side (and it may be to sit down and taste their wine) the hidden Manjotts come and make their prey. The priests will seem to be sorry, and endeavor to make the strangers to believe they were altogether ignorant of any such design. So a white flagg is put out, and a treaty held with the ship for their ransome. The priests endeavor to moderate the price, showing a great deal of respect to their companions, who are clothed in Turkish habits. Many ships have been thus served." Bernard Randolph, Present State of the Morea.
Part of Maniot culture involved piracy. The Maniots were famous and fearsome pirates whose ships dominated the Maniot coastline. The Maniots became pirates because Mani was not a very fertile land and the Maniots did not have many natural resources. The Maniots considered piracy a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor, and it became their main source of income.[83] The pirate raids were not stopped by the local priests of the Eastern Orthodox Church, who in fact blessed the ships before they left and sometimes accompanied them on raids. Most of the Maniot pirates came from Messa Mani.[84] The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans, but the Maniots also targeted ships of powerful European countries.
Superstition
The Maniots are a very superstitious people. Maniots mainly believe in witches, demons, vampires, and ghosts. When Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon, was touring Mani in 1839, he found a fresh egg by the side of the road and offered it to a Maniot soldier who escorted him, who declined the offer claiming that if a hag had enchanted it he would have to marry her. The Maniots thought that certain areas were haunted by demons.
Vendettas
Another important aspect of Maniot culture were the vendettas which frequently plagued Mani. Usually, the decision to start a vendetta was made at a family gathering. The main aim of a vendetta was usually to wipe out the other family. The families involved locked themselves in their towers and whenever they got the chance murdered members of the opposing family.[86] The other families in the village normally locked themselves in their towers in order not to get in the way of the fighting.
Some vendettas went on for months, sometimes years. In vendettas, the families could have a truce or treva, if one family needed to attend a religious ceremony or when it was time to harvest the crops. As soon as the treva ended, the killing could resume. Vendettas usually ended when one family was exterminated or when the defeated family left the town. Sometimes families came to terms, and vendettas stopped when the Turks invaded. The longest treva occurred when the Mavromichales declared war on the Turks in 1821. Vendettas continued after the liberation of Greece even though the Regency tried to demolish the towers.
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